Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) is a term used to describe a personality and behavioral traits, often exhibited by people with autism and/or ADHD, who tend to refuse to cooperate with others’ requests. Those with PDA “use social strategies to avoid demands and to mask anxiety or underlying processing and communication issues.” Other research shows that “avoidant behaviors in children described as having PDA are often triggered by phobias, novelty, and uncertainty.”
PDA is a high degree of resistance, but ultimately, it’s not a diagnosis and it’s not in the DSM (as of now). Many professionals also believe that the term pathologizes a person’s preferences and autonomy without looking at the reason behind the behavior. For example, which requests or demands is a child refusing, and why? Often, kids with autism may not have the same motivations as typical children to fit in or follow rules. It can also be a form of self-advocacy.
The PDA label on its own doesn’t qualify a child for special education. As with other severe behaviors, experts recommend that parents find ways to understand the why, as well find ways to support and motivate kids in developing flexible thinking and appropriate adaptive skills. For example, building in strengths and preferences into the daily routines, such as a specific activity may change the child's day and lead to positive outcomes. It’s important to be creative and look for strengths in children.
For more information, see our article Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) 101.
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